2.
   2023
/  

(      )
: 3     :100
:     -    ,         
             
-
1.               
 ?
2.     -         ,    

-
3.         -     
4.                 

-
2.
5.             ,  
    
6.            '  
   
-
7.        ,        

8.    
  ?          
2.
   2023
/  

(      )
: 3     :100
:     -    ,         
             
-
1.               
 ?
:   
           

      ,           , 
 :  
        ,       
   
  '   '     (
 
 
 )      '     (
    
),  
     ,  ,      
         
   19
           
                
  
         ,       
     
󽇐    ?
    :
2.
                 
 '    ,           
 '   
  :
              
    
          
 
       ,         
    
       
 ,     
        
󽇐     (  )
  ,        ,     :
               
  '    
      
          ,        
          ,      
       ,    '  ,    
      
              
󽇐'     
     :󷄧󷄫󷄧󷄬
      :


2.
󹼥  ( )

 (  )
 (  )

10
5

20
10
  ',      -          
            
  ?

!    
   
󽇐    ( )
󹼧     :
 
       
 :
  1         ,   0.5  
   
  1   
 ,   2      
 :
  1         ,   0.5 
    
  1   
 ,   2      
   ', 
          
    :
 ,
       
       
 :
        
        
    
2.
?
   
 
 
      !
󽇐     
 ?

:
, , ,        

     
     
            
   +  =    
󽇐     ?
             '  :
    
    
      
   '   
   
     
    
     
;   -  
󽇐      
         (   
,    ):
󷄧󷄫     󷄧󷄬       󷄧󷄭   
       ' 
󷄧󷄮 5    
2.
 
󷄧󷄱 󷄧󷄲       
󷄧󷄳
  
      
        
󽆱     
   ,     
 -    
       
󷄧󷄫    
   :
     
   
 
 
  :
       
      ,         
  
          
       
 
󷄧󷄬     

               :


 

      
 ,       
2.
󷄧󷄭  '    
    
:
 
 
, , 
   -
- 
  
   ,        
󷄧󷄮     
   :
        
   
 
 :
, ,        
   
 ,    
󷄰󷄯     
       '     :
   
   ,    
      ,     
 ,   '        '     

2.
󷄧󷄱    
   
 
     
:
     
,        

 ,          
        ,    

󷘹󷘴󷘵󷘶󷘷󷘸
           
                 
 
      ,    
       
                 
    ,    ,     
   
,       '    , ,
-         ,
      
 
2.     -          ,  
  
:󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼-
       ,          -
   
        -       
?         (TOT)   
    , 
              

              , 
       
2.
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔   :  
            
  ,         
     
  ,      
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼     -   
       -      
          -    
1.      (NBTT)
:             
     
:
𝑁𝐵𝑇𝑇 =
Export Price Index
Import Price Index
× 100
 : NBTT  ,             
  
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔:      10%       
 ,    NBTT  
2.     (GBTT)
:           
:
𝐺𝐵𝑇𝑇 =
Quantity of Imports
Quantity of Exports
× 100
 : 
            
   
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔:   100        200    
,  GBTT 200/100 = 2 
3.     (ITT)
:          
   
:
𝐼𝑇𝑇 = Export Price Index × Export Volume Index/Import Price Index
2.
 : 
              '
    
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔:           ,   ITT 
,        
4.      (SFTT)
:          ( ) 
 '   
:
𝑆𝐹𝑇𝑇 = 𝑁𝐵𝑇𝑇 × Index of Productivity in Export Sector
 :   ,           
,         
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔:         ,    SFTT  
    
5.     (DFTT)
:          
:
𝐷𝐹𝑇𝑇 =
Export Price Index × Productivity of Export Sector
Import Price Index × Productivity of Import Sector
 : 
             
   
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔:              
 ,       
6.     (UTT)
:    () '       

    
 :    NBTT  ,       
 
,      
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔:              , 
   '             
   
2.
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼       
    ,    
      
      
 
1.     
        
  '    ,    ' 
               
2.     
      
    
       
           
3.    
NBTT  ,        
               ,  
  
 
4.     
     '    
       
-         
5.      
  '      ' 
           ,    
  
6.    
  , 
         
  
       
       
󹶓󹶔󹶕󹶖󹶗󹶘  
2.
                  
         TOT     (1  = 2 ) 
    
,   TOT       
     ,    TOT        
     ,    TOT    
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔   
       
 -  
       
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼
    -  ,  , ,  ,
 ,         
               ,
            , 
   ,        
-
3.         -     
: 
       ,  
  '    
     -   , ,        
   
    ,   ,    ,   
              
 -           
                 
   (BoP)    
   ?
     ,   '   ,      
    -        , ,
 , , ,          - 

         
    
    
,   BoP 
 :
     
 
2.
      
   
 ,  BoP  
       , 
BoP  
 
    
?

    :
      
         
            
     
           
        |
     '    :󷄧󷄫  󷄧󷄬  󷄧󷄭 
󷄧󷄮   +  
       -- 
1.  
        -     -  
  

,        
   :
a)      ( )
     -    :
, , ,    
, , ,    
  >     >  
        (  '    )   ,
        
2.
)        ( )
   
          :
          
       
      
   
     
   ,      
      
c)    
   :
       
  '  
       
              
d)  (- )
       
   :
            
  


         ,         
 ,                  
       
2.  
2.
     -, -      
 
  ,       -  :
 
        
   
             
3.   
 BoP                -
          
 
    '  :
a)      (FDI)
                
    :
        
       
        
   
  ,    
 
)      (FPI)
                :
      
      
          ,    FDI   
  
2.
c)   
   :
            
        
   -  ()   
      
4.   

 BoP     -   ,    
            , 
           
5.   
   ( , RBI)           


      ,          
    ,           
 ( )
       :
300      
450         150   
   
,
 , -   220   
    $120      ,   $100
 
 ,
2.
   100     
    
      '        
       ?

:
60      
40    FPI
20     
     
            , 
       
 ,      '    
    
      

                 
    ,      ,     ,  
  ,          -  ,  ,  ,
  ,    -          
   
  BoP  ,          
 ,  
4.                 

:󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼       
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼-
                 
    ,      (BoP)       
2.
                ,
    -         
  '         
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔  :              
          ,  
      
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼   ?
:             
             
  
:          , 
        
  :
o

           
'  
o


            

󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔:  1    70     ,    
  80               
    ,       
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼   
1.  ' 
     ,           
           
 ,    
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔:           $10 , 
         $8     
       
2.  ' 
         
     
      
           
 
2.
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔:            ₹70,000 , 
      ₹80,000          
  
3.   '  
        
        
  ,            
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼     
     
       ,  
  :
1.   :
o         
o          ,  
   
o      '  
 ,    
2.   
:
o          
 
o     ,          
3. 
  :
o             
   
o 
,         
4.   :
o    
o       '   ,   
   
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼     
            ,    
:
1.   :
o     ,         
o      -    
2.  ' :
o          
o       
3.    :
2.
o          ,   
    
o   " "   
4.  :
o         
o     (      )
 ,     
5.    '  :
o          ,      
 
 
o                
6.     :
o -         
o           
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼-   
  1966    1991      
1991 ,         ,    
       
            

,          ,  
   
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔         
 
󹶓󹶔󹶕󹶖󹶗󹶘  
   
    
  
    
 

              , 

 ()           ()  
         ,  
    
                

󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼
             
     ,         
  ,    ,       
 '      ,        
   
2.
-
5.             ,  
    
:󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼    ?
      
  
 ,
  
 ,
, , ,    '     
    
  ,    ,    ,      
,     ,     ,   
 ,         
    
  ,            
 ,  
   ,           
 
󷋇󷋈󷋉󷋊󷋋󷋌    
   ""                
  
󷄧󷄫        
     
;         ,   
  ,               
   ,   
   (    )  ,  
  :
 
 
 
 
   
󷄧󷄬      
2.
      
      , , 
,   ,  ,      
 
             
         '   
󷄧󷄭    
              
   , , ,   ,  ,   
              
     
󷄧󷄮 - 
      
      :
  (
   '   )
  (
      )
 (
         )
 (
      )
 ,   ,             
   
󷇮󷇭    
                 ',   
    
󽆤1.      
 
                 

  ,  -     :
 ( , ,   )
 ( ,  ,  )
  
 (,     )
   
  :
2.
    ?
     ?
      ?
 '        ?
󽆤2.       
             :
   
, , ,  
   
, ,      
, ,  ' 
    
        :
      ?
    ?
        ?
        ,         
  
󽆤3.       
                  
   :
 (,  )
 (  ,  ,   )
  :
     ?
  ?
        ?
    ,       
2.
󽆤4.          
       
;         
    :
  
 

 
            
󷘹󷘴󷘵󷘶󷘷󷘸          
     
 :
        
  ?  
  ?
    
:
󽇐1.          
          
   
      :
 
   
   
 
  
 
   
 
     
      
󽇐2.      
        :

 
2.
 
 
 
   ,      
󽇐3.     
  
        :
  (    )
   
    
 
 ,           
󽇐4.       
       , , , ,  ,
   -     '   
󽇐5.       
, , -19     ,       
       ,    
󷄧󼿒
       
;  , ,      
        ,     ,   
 ,             
 ,        
    
  -            
        ,   
     
  
 
2.
6.            '  
   
:󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼-
            '
               
 ,     ,         
     
    ,  ,  , ,
    '   
        
 -    '    
       ,    ,     
               
     
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼   
        :
"  ,            
-    '    "
    (,   -    )   
(, ,          )   
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔  :       -    , 
,    ' -       
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼   
1.   :,      
2.   :      
3.    :    
 
4. :,    -   
5.   :    
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼  '    
        ,  '      
   :
1.    
2.
, , ,     '     
  
 
         -   
      ,        
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔:    
 ,        ,
        
2.    
    '          
,        
         
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔:         
    ,           
 
3.   
,           
  
       
  
       
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔:    '      
       ,    


4.   
, ,      '      

       ,      

󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔:          , 
       
5.  
     '      

2.
   
 ,       

 
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔:         ()   -
         
 
6.    
  '  ,    
      
     
           
 
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔:            
 ,         -    
 
7.   
  ,           
  
 ,          
 
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔:    ,        
     '  
 
8.    
  '    ,      
  
     
         
     
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔:            
   ,   GPS 
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼      
       ,     :
1.    :  -  '    , 
   

2.   :       
3.   :         
2.
4.  ' :      ,    
,       
5.  : ,         ,  
  
󹶓󹶔󹶕󹶖󹶗󹶘  
          
,     
    
            
       
 
     ,        
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔  ,        ,   , 
  
 
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼
        -         
        , ,  ,  
   ,      -     
      ,    ,      

 
-
7.        ,        

:  
    -  , ,  ,  ,
       ?   
  ?   
       
 ?
    ,    
       ,
, , , , , -      
      
         
  
        

,     
            ,      
2.
                
 
   -- 
I.   
   '       :     
󽇐1.  
           '       
  ,
"    ,       "
    
  
 
 -      '    
 -      '    
  /    (   )
     
     
      '
  '  (    ,  )
:
 
 ₹10 
 ,  
     
 
      
         
󽇐2.  
          '     
       ,      

2.
  ,        
  
 
 (      )
  '
 
  ()
     ?
 
   ,  , ,        
 ,    GST            
    
    
  ,    
  
  
      
       
       
II.    
     ,      
1.  
,    -     
    
     
: ₹10    ₹2        
       
2.  
2.
,       ,         
       
     
        ,    '   
3.  
,        ,      
4.  
    ,  '  
:    ' 
5.   
     '     :  ' 18%  GST 
III.    ()
              
                 
,       -   
󽇐1.    ()
               

       
      
  
            
            
 
 :
 
        ,     ? 
 
2.
     '        

󽇐2.   
    
 :
   
   
   
   
       
    ,           
         
󽇐3.   
         ,  
             
      ( ,   ,
)
     
 ,         ,     GST 
                

 
󽇐4.    
   :
            
     (, , ) '      , 
       -         
  
2.
    
     ,       :
  
             ( ,
, ,  ),           
  
                  
  
  ,     ,    
   
       
   
    '  
       -
   -       

             , , ,
,             '    
 -            '    ,
       
   
             
,   , ,     ,   , ,
              
 ,   ,         
2.
8.    
  ?          
: 󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼 -
          ,  , 
              
  :               

      
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔
   
 ,    '   
 ,      
       '         
,     
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼 
:    
       
         '     '  

   :
o   (   ) ,    '  
 

       
o   (   ,  ,  ) ,  
 
        '    
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔

 

󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼
1.    :
o       '   
o ,  ,        
2.   :
o        '       
2.
o  ,     
 ,    
        
3.   :
o               
o :           
    
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼
        ,       
        '   :    
 
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼
,   ,       
   
     :
   :       
  :          
󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔




󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼 
1.      :
o            ,  
      
o     ,       
   
            
2.     :
o  :         , 
   
        
o  :     (    ) 
 
,          '
   
2.
o  :       ,  
    
o  :   
 ,    
 
3.  :
o   ,        
 
o   ,      , ,  
   
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼 
     '   10    
 

      (     
), 
 ₹10   
    ,       '    
,   ' ,    ' 
   '      
    (         )
    
 ,          
          
  ,    '  '     '  ' 
  
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼 
1.    :      ,   
     
2.    :            
 
3.  :      , ,   
 
 
4.  : '       
2.
5.   :     ,   ,
       
󹶓󹶔󹶕󹶖󹶗󹶘
          ()    
    
 ,         
        ,     
       ,         

󷷑󷷒󷷓󷷔
󷈷󷈸󷈹󷈺󷈻󷈼
                 
        '          , 
               
     ,       '  

"               
 
       ,       
 "